Energy indicators are an important tool for analyzing the interactions among economic and human activity, energy use and CO₂ emissions.

Many countries already employ energy indicators, a set of disaggregated measures of how energy is used.

Environmental scanning

Is a concept from business management by which businesses gather information from the environment, to better achieve a sustainable competitive advantage? To sustain competitive advantage the company must also respond to the information gathered from environmental scanning by altering its strategies and plans when the need arises.

The Macroenvironment

Environmental scanning usually refers just to the Macroenvironment, but it can also include industry and competitor analysis, consumer analysis, product innovations, and the company's internal environment. Macroenvironmental scanning involves analyzing:

• The Economy
  • GNP or GDP per capita
  • economic growth
  • unemployment rate
  • inflation rate
  • consumer and investor confidence
  • inventory levels
  • currency exchange rates
  • merchandise trade balance
  • financial and political health of trading partners
  • balance of payments
  • future trends
• Government
  • political climate - amount of government activity
  • political stability and risk
  • government debt
  • budget deficit or surplus
  • corporate and personal tax rates
  • payroll taxes
  • import tariffs and quotas
  • export restrictions
  • restrictions on international financial flows
• Legal
  • minimum wage laws
  • environmental protection laws
  • worker safety laws
  • union laws
  • copyright and patent laws
  • anti- monopoly laws
  • Sunday closing laws
  • municipal licenses
  • laws that favour business investment
• Technology
  • Efficiency of infrastructure, including: roads, ports, airports, rolling stock, hospitals, education, healthcare, communication, etc.
  • industrial productivity
  • new manufacturing processes
  • new products and services of competitors
  • new products and services of supply chain partners
  • any new technology that could impact the company
  • cost and accessibility of electrical power
• Ecology
  • ecological concerns that affect the firms production processes
  • ecological concerns that affect customers' buying habits
  • ecological concerns that affect customers' perception of the company or product
• Socio-Cultural
  • demographic factors such as:
    • population size and distribution
    • age distribution
    • education levels
    • income levels
    • ethnic origins
    • religious affiliations
  • attitudes towards:
    • materialism, capitalism, free enterprise
    • individualism, role of family, role of government, collectivism
    • role of church and religion
    • consumerism
    • environmentalism
    • importance of work, pride of accomplishment
  • cultural structures including:
    • diet and nutrition
    • housing conditions
• Potential Suppliers
  • Labour supply
    • quantity of labour available
    • quality of labour available
    • stability of labour supply
    • wage expectations
    • employee turn-over rate
    • strikes and labour relations
    • educational facilities
  • Material suppliers
    • quality, quantity, price, and stability of material inputs
    • delivery delays
    • proximity of bulky or heavy material inputs
    • level of competition among suppliers
  • Service Providers
    • quantity, quality, price, and stability of service facilitators
    • special requirements

Scanning these Macroenvironmental variables for threats and opportunities requires that each issue be rated on two dimensions. It must be rated on its potential impact on the company, and rated on its likeliness of occurrence. Multiplying the potential impact parameter by the likeliness of occurrence parameter gives us a good indication of its importance to the firm.